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Like with humans, a variety of factors will influence the size a goldfish grows to.
Goldfish will continue growing throughout their long life, though this growth slows at a certain point.
A healthy goldfish will grow quicker. The biggest influence on this is the nitrate level in the surrounding water. This is why goldfish will seem to stop growing in a small bowl. They haven't stopped, but their growth has been severely stunted in the same way that a human child exposed to large amounts of toxins will likely have stunted growth. There is also the belief that certain organs may continue to grow, eventually leading to a painful death as the organs crush each other.
Note that mental stress will likely make the goldfish less healthy. Goldfish are smart enough that they need a bigger tank, even if the water quality is somehow kept pristine. They will stress out if kept in a little 10g tank.
Genetics play a part, too. Some of the fancier goldfish have a slower growth rate than the comets. Like in humans, different specimens from the same line will have different growth rates.
I have a goldfish whose growth had stalled out. He was living in a little 20g tank (the previous owner of the tank didn't know anything about keeping fish, and neither did I when I adopted the tank) with numerous other tankmates. He is currently in a 30g tank with a koi, and has almost doubled in size since the move. The two will soon be moving to a 200g tank which will likely be their permanent home (unless either the walnut tree or the pine tree comes down in my back yard, in which case I'll have space for a pond). I expect that he will continue to grow for the next twenty or so years, and I'll have a darn huge goldfish by the end of that time.
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