Charcoal is not required, and it is mainly used for removing medications, chemicals, color, and odors from the water. It mostly comes down to personal preference. Most people change it every 2-3 weeks to prevent the used charcoal from releasing the chemicals it absorbed back into the tank.
Bio-balls are normally used in large
sump filters. But, if you can fit the bio-ball in your filter, I don't think it would hurt. For HOB filters, the media consists of filter pad or floss (for mechanical filtration), and optionally charcoal and biological media. Biological media might include foam blocks or ceramic rings to provide places for the beneficial bacteria to grow.
I don't know much about canisters, but heaters should be ~$25 if you look at the online stores.
Hope that helps. Please fill out your aquarium info so others can quickly see the info and help you.