Under Gravel Filters, like sponge filters, use either an airline or a
powerhead to pull water down through the gravel, up into pipes at the back of the tank, and out into the tank again. This type of filter pulls some
detritus into the gravel, providing a bit of mechanical filtration. However, its greatest function is biological filtration. There is a lot of surface area on the gravel in an aquarium, so it provides excellent nitrification. The downside of UGFs is that areas under the gravel can become clogged with detritus, creating pockets of still, non-aerated water. The anaerobic bacteria that can grow in these spots create very toxic waste, which can kill fish quickly if it's released into the rest of the water.
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