It's possible, but in my opinion doubtful. Some of the good bacteria does grow in the substrate, and you can disturb it by vac'ing. Consequently, many of us will only vac a portion of the tank at a time...I do 1/2 of my tank each week. Having said that, I have, on rare occasion, vacumed my entire tank and not experienced any problems. The largest concentration of bacteria is normally in the filter media. In my experience, so long as that remains undisturbed, you can do a lot of things to the rest of the tank and still be ok.
I guess at this point I would monitor the water closely over the next few days to be sure that ammonia does not get any higher. If it does go higher, do a 50%
water change to keep it from getting out of hand and hurting the fish. I would also be concerned about finding the nitrite test...if you are getting an ammonia spike, there is a real good chance you will be getting a corresponding nitrite spike in the near future.