Even though you said your tank is mature... it sounds like brown diatoms to me... maybe without substrate your tank mini-cycled with a
water change or something...
Diatoms... can appear as a simple dusting on the tank walls and substrate surfaces, or it can turn into a massive growth that covers just about everything in the tank. This type of outbreak typically occurs when a tank is just completing or has finished the nitrogen cycling process, excess nutrients from food or waste are in the water, or tank maintenance has been neglected. It is a normal occurrence, as diatoms are one of the first to appear in the chain when the tank conditions are conducive for algae growth, and is usually a precursor to other forms of desirable and undesirable nuisance type green algae.
you can keep wiping it away and filtering it out, but eventually they will starve out and go away on their own... but it takes a while....
good luck!!